![]() ![]() The Chi and Zhang were units of length equivalent to approximately 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) and 3 meters (9.8 feet) respectively. The measurement of weight was based on the shi, which was equivalent to approximately 132 pounds. In China, the first emperor Shi Huang Di created a system of weights and measures in the third century BCE (Before the Common Era). For example, in ancient India, a measure of weight called the "Satamana" was used, and was equal to the weight of 100 gunja berries. Since 1959, the avoirdupois pound has been officially defined in most English-speaking countries as 0.45359237 kilograms.ĭifferent systems of measurement also developed over time in Asian countries. The avoirdupois was equivalent to 7,000 grains, 256 drams of 27.344 grains each, or 16 ounces of 437 ½ grains each. It was a system based on the weight of coal, and its name was derived from the French phrase "avoir de pois" (goods of weight or property). Though many countries used the pound from that point onward, including England (the British pound sterling, or GBP was equal to one pound-weight of silver in King Offa's time), the avoirdupois weight system was adopted during the reign of Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century. Eventually, when William the Conqueror became King of England, he retained the 5400-grain pound for minting coins, but reverted to the 7200-grain pound for other purposes. While England also adopted this measure, a shortage of silver caused King Offa to reduce the measurement of the pound to 5400 grains in order to use smaller coins. As a result, a pound, 16 ounces of silver, or 7200 grains, became a commonly used measure in many regions. Over time, trade spread from the Mediterranean area to Europe, including the northern German City States. Ten dirhems comprised a Wukryeh, which was translated into Latin as an "uncia" – the origin of the word "ounce." They used a coin called a silver dirhem as a basic measure of weight, which had a weight roughly equivalent to 45 fully grown grains of barley. The Arabs used coins as a measurement of units of weight since a minted coin could not easily be cut or shaved to reduce its weight, and thus provided a measurable standard. In the eighth and ninth centuries of the Common Era (CE), Arab civilization flourished in the Middle East and Spain. As such, many unit converters including this Conversion Calculator exist, and will continue to do so to ensure that people globally are able to communicate different measurements effectively. Since US customary units (USC) are so entrenched in the United States, and SI is already used in most applications where standardization is important, everyday use of USC is still prevalent in the United States, and is unlikely to change. This is partly due to the substantial financial and cultural costs involved in changing a measurement system compared to the potential benefit of using a standardized system. Although SI is used almost universally in science (including in the US), some countries such as the United States still use their own system of units. ![]() The International System of Units (SI) is the standard metric system that is currently used, and consists of seven SI base units of length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity, and amount of substance. Today, some of the systems of units in use include the metric system, the imperial system, and the United States customary units. As such, the development of more universal and consistent systems developed over time. While this may work on a local level, when considering trade, as well as science, having systems of units based on units that others may not be able to relate to or understand makes interaction difficult. In the past, many systems of measurement were defined on a local level, and could be based on factors as arbitrary as the length of a king's thumb. A unit of measurement is a defined magnitude of a quantity that it used as a standard for measurement for the same kind of quantity, such as measurements of length, weight, and volume. Historically, many different systems of units have been used, where a system of units is defined as a collection of units of measurement with rules that relate them to each other. ![]()
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![]() Most of these apps can also work with popular native RSS apps that sync feeds directly to your device, but that wasn't required for inclusion. If you're used to reading things in your browser, it's the most natural experience. A web-based news feed reader lets you read content online using any device just by visiting a site. Each featured app has, at the very least, a great free plan that's sufficient for many users. As a vestige of an older, more open internet era, you don't have to pay to get a premium experience. In addition to that must-have, I required all the apps on this list to be:įree. ![]() They're all polished, easy to use, and put the content you want to read front and center. Thankfully, as it's a decades-old standard, there are a few great apps that have thoroughly cracked this problem. You don't want to have to deal with weird UI quirks or even really interact with your reader app-it's all about seamlessly mainlining as much high-quality content as possible. Good RSS services have a weirdly challenging job: they have to gather content from loads of different places and display it for you, all while getting out of the way as much as possible. It means I don't have to constantly check and see if Derek Sivers or Tynan has published a new post-it just pops up in my feeds. I follow a few dozen tech sites, but it's also really great for following blogs that only publish a few times a year. For more details on our process, read the full rundown of how we select apps to feature on the Zapier blog.Īs a tech writer, I rely on my RSS app to keep me up to date on what's going on. We're never paid for placement in our articles from any app or for links to any site-we value the trust readers put in us to offer authentic evaluations of the categories and apps we review. We spend dozens of hours researching and testing apps, using each app as it's intended to be used and evaluating it against the criteria we set for the category. Ultimately, you'll need a Ruby environment and a Rack compatible application server.įirst, install the dependencies listed under requirements.All of our best apps roundups are written by humans who've spent much of their careers using, testing, and writing about software. Make sure it's available in your PATH or provide a PIGO_PATH environment variable. Pigo provides face detection for better preview image cropping. It is used to extract the full content of an article when a feed only provide excerpts. Using a proxy has the added benefit of providing privacy while using Feedbin.Įxtract is a Node.js service that extract content from web pages. Privacy Please proxies all image requests through an https enabled host to prevent this. One issue with https is all assets must be served over https as well or the browser will show insecure content warnings. None of these services are required to get Feedbin running locally. In addition to the main project there are several other services that provide additional functionality. ![]() The main Feedbin project is a Rails 7 application. If you would like to try Feedbin out you can sign up for an account. ![]() If you're looking for a self-hosted RSS reader check out:Īnd if you really want to run the whole Feedbin stack, take a look at this Docker version. There are a lot of moving parts and things to configure, and for that reason I do not recommend that you run Feedbin in production unless you have plenty of time to get it properly configured. This goal is at odds with being a great self-hosted RSS reader. It provides a user interface for reading and managing feeds as well as a REST-like API for clients to connect to.įeedbin's goal is to be a great web-based RSS service. Introductionįeedbin is a web based RSS reader. No support is provided for installing/running Feedbin. Support is available to Feedbin customers by emailing This is also the best way to submit feature requests. Feedbin is a simple, fast and nice looking RSS reader. ![]() ![]() A p-valueĠ.05 was considered to be statistically significant. A repeated-measures mixed model regression analysis was performed for multivariate analysis comparing SB sutures versus scleral tunnels controlling for surgeon, type of surgery (PPV with SB versus primary SB), buckle type, postoperative epiretinal membrane, and cataract status was performed. Group comparisons of the categorical data were performed using the Fisher's exact test. For within-group comparisons between baseline and final metrics, a paired t-test was used, and for comparisons between groups, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed. Sub-analyses included outcomes of SB band type and eyes with only primary SB surgery without pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).įor statistical analysis, we used JMP software version 15.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Stable, localized subretinal fluid following primary SB was not considered a failure. Single surgery anatomic success was defined as posterior retinal attachment with no tamponade present, and no presence of subretinal fluid which could spread at three months postoperatively. ![]() The primary outcomes considered were single surgery anatomic success, postoperative visual acuity, and the development of postoperative strabismus that was noted at the final postoperative visit, which must have taken place more than three months following the surgery. Eyes that underwent scleral buckling procedures after the initial procedures, namely reoperations for recurrent retinal detachment, were excluded as well.ĭetailed demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative follow-up variables were collected from each site using the secure online REDCap database. Additionally, eyes that underwent vitrectomy without SB, non-encircling SB surgery, pneumatic retinopexy, or laser barricade were excluded. Eyes with fewer than three months postoperative follow-up were excluded, as were eyes where the scleral suture or scleral tunnel metric was not recorded. Complex retinal detachments including retinal detachments that had previously undergone repair, tractional retinal detachments, and retinal detachments due to inflammation or endophthalmitis were excluded. We examined the outcomes of patients who received SBs (either primary scleral buckling or in combination with vitrectomy), and compared visual and anatomic outcomes, as well as the rates of postoperative strabismus, as defined as ocular misalignment. This report is a subgroup analysis of the PRO study. ![]() ![]() Institutional review board approval was obtained at each participating institution, and the study complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Eye & Ear in Boston, and Mid Atlantic Retina/Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia. Louis, Associated Retinal Consultants/William Beaumont Hospital in Detroit, Mass. The Primary Retinal Detachment Outcome (PRO) study is a multicenter, interventional, retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent repair of noncomplex primary RRD from Januthrough Decemfrom VitreoRetinal Surgery in Minneapolis, The Retina Center in Minneapolis, The Retina Institute in St. The purpose of this paper is to present the anatomic outcomes following scleral buckling surgery comparing scleral tunnels to scleral fixated sutures, but additionally, to assess the development of postoperative strabismus between these two modalities. Similar to the lack of reports examining anatomic outcomes following the use of scleral tunnels or scleral sutures, there have been no reports assessing the development of strabismus comparing these two techniques for buckle fixation. The management of postoperative strabismus usually begins with prism therapy which may resolve the strabismus in the majority of patients, while other patients may require strabismus surgery or buckle removal. ĭiplopia from strabismus following SB surgery is often temporary, but chronic or permanent strabismus may also occur and is a well-known complication, with a reported incidence between 5% and 25%. The selection largely depends on surgeon's preference, and little data is available regarding comparative efficacy and outcomes. Currently, the most commonly performed is the use of scleral suturing to secure the SB directly on the surface of the sclera, but the use of scleral tunnels to affix the encircling buckle to the sclera is a popular technique as well. An initial report had a success rate of 65%, but over the years, scleral buckling has evolved and lamellar dissection is rarely performed. ![]() Schepens' initial technique describes a lamellar dissection of the sclera and placement of an element with external diathermy for retinopexy. The use of scleral buckles (SBs) to repair rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) was pioneered by Custodis in 1949, with the first reported scleral buckling procedure performed in the United States in 1951 by Schepens. ![]() |